Viruses in Water Environment

Human enteric viruses in the water environment: a minireview.

Water virology started around half a century ago, with scientists attempting to detect poliovirus in water samples. Since that time, other enteric viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and hepatitis, among a great variety of virus strains, have replaced enteroviruses as the main target for detection in the water environment. Technical molecular developments, polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) am...

Computer Viruses in UNIX Environment: Case Study

All of people who don’t know how to use a computer have heard a bout viruses through programs such as hackers and some means like that. There is no doubt that our culture is fascinated by the potential danger of these viruses. Computer virus have become threat to computer users and almost every field in the advance technology industrial nowadays. Know about virus is very necessary for anti-viru...

Human Pathogenic Viruses in the Marine Environment

Indigenous marine virus strains outnumber any form of life in the sea, usually occurring in billion amounts per liter (Danovaro et al., 2001; Fuhrman, 1999). However, although transspecific propagation of viruses may take place, the virus–host relationship tends to be quite constrained, and consequently human viruses are the only viral agents of public health concern in the marine environment. ...

Phthalates as Emerging Pollutants in Water Environment: Control & Treatment Strategies

Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Birds, Africa1

We report the first large-scale surveillance of avian influenza viruses in water birds conducted in Africa. This study shows evidence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds, both Eurasian and Afro-tropical species, in several major wetlands of Africa.